Theoretical Principles of Time

Introduction
A mystery has come to light, to which a solution will, in time, be found. This mystery is of time itself and therefore of integral importance to anyone on whom the constraints or freedoms of time are applied. It is possible to say from the outset that each individual on Earth has been and or is being affected by the principles of that unfathomable concept that at present is known by the term ‘time’. Time encompasses everything that is done, has been done and will be done by very virtue of being the centre of existence, so to speak. It has not been shown possible yet to escape time or to manipulate it. It is for this reason that it is said that time is the centre of existence.

While there may be any number of additional factors affecting the lives of human beings, time is perhaps the greatest physical factor, if it can indeed be said to be physical. Without this concept, mankind would find it difficult to continue for very long, and if it did, nobody would know for how long they had continued, or even if they had in fact continued, as nothing would have happened and no person would be able to measure any effects or signs. In light of this it was deemed of vital importance to investigate the nature of this concept.

It must be said that not all of those humans on Earth hold a consensus on the nature of time, or in fact its existence. While a general agreement may be reached concerning that which may be termed ‘time’ and its existence and facilitation of life, some are of the minority opinion that in full, the theory of time holds little water when put to the theoretical test. Because of this, although such thinkers accept that time may be utilised in the way in which it is allegedly measured and thereby can accede to the usage of clocks, watches and other instruments that are purported to measure time, they continue to strive for the recognition of the possibilities pertaining to the non-existence of what is currently meant by ‘time’.

In the construction and compilation of logical argument in this study, it is hoped that light will be shed to an extent on such principles of time as its existence and non-existence, nature, origins and future. While this may have little effect on the conduct of humans in their everyday lives, it may prove of enormous advantage in respect of theories of time travel and other temporal manipulation, which, although dangerous and ill-advised under current laws of time, may be shown to be in theory possible and even practical if new ideas are taken into account during the research that has for so long sought to cross the barriers of something that may or may not exist fully.

Defining time
It has been suggested that time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events set into the incomprehensible departments of past, present, and future, and regarded as a whole. Time is described as being that elusive element by which we can understand the passage of one event or action to the subsequent. It details a journey, from, theoretically, eternity past to eternity future. Yet these impossibly extensive stretches of time are a clue to its non-existence. If a concept can hold within itself a facet that in study can be shown fully to be illogical or incomprehensible, then that concept must of course be brought into question.

Time is proposed by some to be a ‘frame’, which is to say a construct upon which events, actions and occurrences stand. There exist two vast and immeasurable frames and one impossibly small frame: these are the past, the future and the present, respectively. These three frames allegedly form the base of this vast universe and are constants in concept but variables in practice. It can be said that the past will always be those events, actions and occurrences that have been effected and can be recalled by observers. The future is what has not yet happened, to be theorised by potential observers. At this point it must be noted that the past is a definite and the future an indefinite entity. It is accepted by the timeframe theorists that the past exists, yet they can only debate the existence of the future at any given point in time. The present is immeasurable in that it refers to a point in time between the past and the future. It is often given the name ‘now’, but as soon as the word is begun, the time to which it referred is gone and the rest of the word is about to be said in the future. The concept here is related to the study of absolute simultaneity.

Others suggest that time is unable to be divided in such ways, although this view is entirely minimal. Theorists of this opinion would argue that quite opposite to time being three different frames, it is not framed at all and is therefore both beyond physical definition and conceptual stratification. It could be said that within this theory time would be merely a way of understanding the progress of life through the universe, other than in a physical sense. Such theorists claim that time is more all-encompassing than even the timeframe theorists would believe. They believe that it is inherent to all things and that all things lie within time. There is a minority again within this theoretical grouping who believe that not entirely everything lies within time, and that there may be a method of accessing the extratemporal ranges of the universe. This matter will be dealt with more fully in the section pertaining to temporal manipulation and the speed of light.

Origins of time
Where did time come from? Whose idea was it? For these important questions to be answered, reference must be made to the origin of the universe and the point from which all things stem, the beginning. Some evolutionists theorise that, upon the occasion of the colloquially named ‘Big Bang’, which is purported to have set off a chain reaction in the vast nothingness of non-existence to form the universe as we know it, time was also begun. They suggest that time is a naturally incorporated factor in life and the universe. This has been upheld in the simple recognition that all humans on Earth have a fundamental concept of time and the passage thereof, however basic.

While this event, the Big Bang, may theoretically have set the time-ball rolling, it is found unlikely by many, who question the process of events, actions and occurrences prior to the Big Bang itself. Naturally, the law stands that actions have reactions (of an equal and opposite nature) and therefore each reaction must be causally linked to a preceding action. The question was posed, then, concerning what caused the Big Bang as proposed by certain evolutionists. The answer seemed to be that whether it in truth had been caused or just happened, if it had in fact been caused by something then all theorists would have to agree that the event, action or occurrence that caused it was itself bound by time and was inside it, not before it.

The very concept of something being before time denies the concept itself, for ‘before’ is a temporal reference and would therefore be inapplicable to non-temporal issues. This will be further discussed in the section entitled ‘Before time’. Nonetheless, it is integral to this study to include at this point the continuation of theories concerning the origins of time. There remain two groups that deny that time began on a specific occasion, although their theories do not entirely coincide. The first group is the theologians and the second the cyclic theorists (this bears no relation to the later section discussing circular time).

Cyclic theorists argue that the Big Bang was not an initial event, action or occurrence and may be thought by evolutionists. This provides scope for events before this alleged phenomenon and allows the theory that time existed before the Big Bang. The theory of a cyclic universe is that there has been a number of ‘beginnings’ to the universe or universes. In outline, a universe spins into cataclysm at the end of its life, and that the energy within that reaction forms an explosion of matter which creates a new universe. This universe expands to fill all the available space and then begins also to degrade and spin into cataclysm. This theory takes into account the idea that the universe or universes has or have been in existence from eternity past. This theme is dealt with more specifically under the theological theory.

Theologians maintain that God is the author of the present known universe and master of the unknown universe or realm of existence. To understand this, a line must be drawn between the physical universe we understand and the incomprehensible non-physical universe (sometimes referred to as the spiritual realm); that line is creation. Before creation, little is known, although it is said that God has existed forever (eternity past) and it is suggested that heaven and the angels were also in existence for a length of time. Upon the event of creation, the human universe was formed, including Earth and humans. From this point onward, mankind has utilised the concept of time to facilitate the running of systemic events, physically speaking. However, the debate remains of whether time was in existence before mankind started to use or measure it.

If God has always existed, then eternity past is a theory that must pass the test of logic before resumption of the issue in question, which is the origin of time. Time, it is said, has the capacity to continue indefinitely, suggesting that if it were to be allowed, the universe within time could extend infinitely. However, the very idea of time is a progressive idea, incorporating in its very nature the idea that it builds upon the previous moment to make time a valid theory. If time existed before creation, then surely it would be possible to measure it, even if to say that it were so measured as we begin to realise that it extends indefinitely behind us. However, no such possibility has arisen and with a mind to recalling the fact that time builds upon a previous moment, one must accept that the measurement of time before creation is impractical and theoretically absurd. This shows that time did not exist before creation.

Measuring time
It has been said that time builds upon the previous unit of time. In this way it is appreciated as a forward-moving phenomenon if a phenomenon at all. Time can therefore be measured by any device that moves forward or progresses at a constant rate appreciably and detectably by the typical human. This includes the movement of the celestial bodies, the rotation of the earth, the half-life of molecules and the speed of light. Other methods include the effects of gravity and mass.

Most apparati for the measurement of time are known as clocks, and there is a wide variety of ways in which a clock may be constructed or operate. Firstly, sundials. These indicators of the concept of time consist of a protruding ‘pointer’ which casts a shadow across a series of marks which equally divide the entirety of the passage of the sun into, usually, hours. Sundials have limited usage, however, in such circumstances as night-time or cloudy days. They also lack specificity in that they are often too small to mark sixty standard minutes in each demarcated standard hour. Above this, it is difficult to divide the time portion into equal sections as the shadow will move at differing speeds depending on at what point in its traverse it is. For example, as the sun sets, the angles involved are heightened and this increases the speed of movement of the perceived shadow, which may result in shorter hours as the day progresses if this is not accounted for.

Secondly, atomic clocks. This type of apparatus involves a scientific calculation of the rotational order of a molecule or atom, or of the relative electrons. These have been shown to possess a predominantly stable and constant quality, although it is assumed that this is entirely constant and has not changed in the history of the universe. The theories making atomic clocks a current reality also provide scope for investigation into the past. Carbon dating, carbon 14 dating and potassium argon dating are well documented as being methods of attempting to ascertain the age of a given molecule. This takes into account the half-life of a molecule but as atomic clocks fails to recognise that this half-life can be seen to have diminished over time, and that the half-life presently may be vastly shorter than six thousand years ago. Because of this, some scientists believe the earth to be millions of years old.

There is also a range of time-keeping instruments that are based on the movement of constant waves such as those of light, assuming light is composed of waves, or the movement of constant particles if light is composed of such. By measuring the distance light travels and dividing it by the known speed of light, the length of time is able to be deduced. However, this theory has minute flaws in failing to recognise the non-constancy of the movement of even the smallest particles or highest frequency waves.

Importantly, it could be said – and has in fact been suggested – that the above measurements of time not in truth measurements of time but rather measurements of things in passage through time. Sundials measure the movement of the earth, atomic clocks the rotation of an atom and lightwave clocks the traverse of light from one place to another – none of these satisfies the search for time itself and the measurement thereof. It is for this reason primarily that the theories of the non-existence of time were initially brought to the fore.

One may perceive time while conscious, whether watching a clock or not. One may measure time, however accurately, by any number of stated or unstated methods. However, it is of interest to discover the sensation of time as experienced during a state of unconsciousness. While one sleeps or while one is under anaesthetic or in any way oblivious to the passage of the world, time is ‘distorted’, so to speak, for the observer. It doesn’t not change, by all accounts, for the rest of the universe though. Although it may seem like the blink of an eye from falling asleep to waking up for the one who has fallen asleep and woken up, a participant observer in the same room at the same time would indubitably comment that the passage of time has been of a typical nature, neither faster nor slower.

It is often said, that “time flies when you’re having fun”. This has often been found to be the experience of many fun-lovers, who find their time all too quickly gone before they rightly expect it. For them, time has somehow changed, somehow become shorter and less is able to be done within the given length of time. This paradox and the one above culminate in the ultimate temporal measurement question: is time an observer’s phenomenon? The answer seems to lie in the suggestion that time is not such a solid and immovable entity as believed by some.

Before time
Legal reference is occasionally made to Time Immemorial, and the time preceding it. “Before Time Immemorial” is quoted, and to effect. The collocation of ‘before’ and ‘time’, which not seen as fully applicable, can be shown through careful investigation to be of full relevance to the line of inquiry to be taken concerning the nature of time. The time referred to by this phrase is actually eleven eighty-two, the end of King Henry the Second’s reign. Before this event, no official record of events, actions and occurrences was made in Britain; by rights it may as well not exist. It is precisely for this reason that it pertains so directly to the research in hand. The time is not remembered, as humans do not live as long as would be necessary. The time is not recorded, as no official body was in existence to record it. It is a great official unknown, and this could be said of ‘before time’ also. While it is the realm of philosophers to decipher whether something exists when no person knows of it, for the sake of this research it can be said that times to which there are no references cannot rightly be times at all.

After time
When this passing world is through, what then? It seems that in principle and theory time would end, or at least cease for the while to exist. The end necessitates the absence of human life, and perhaps of all life, an end to the physical universe itself. If there remains no physical element by which to measure the passage of that thing through time, then there is no known way to detect the concept. This then falls into the same category as ‘before time’. However one difference remains, and that lies in reference. In the vastness of eternity past, time had never existed. In the enormity of eternity future, time did exist. In light of this, it must be concluded that the mere ability to say that time will have existed casts doubt upon the prospective non-existence of any concept in that at this point may or may not be time or a derivative thereof.

Circular time
Many clocks are round. This may not be a surprising revelation to some, but it remains an important issue. The predominance for many years of the round clock causes one to wonder what particular aspect of circularity it is that pertains to well to time, if it does indeed. Of primary consideration is the repeating nature of the greater measurements of time – that is to say, seconds, minutes, hours and other units of time larger than the theoretical instant. Despite each of the sixty seconds in a minute possessing a number (the first being zero or one and the last being fifty-nine or sixty), it may be noted that one principle of seconds is that they are all equal. No second is longer than another, and this is fundamental for accurate measurement of minutes. In this way, each second that passes is just another second, and it can be said that one may view this as one second, one second, one second rather than one second, another second, a third second.

In fact the word ‘second’ is derived from the Latin ‘secundus’, from ‘sequor’ – to follow. One second follows the preceding second and so on, and it can be seen that this produces a repeating pattern. If time is measured in repetitions, a method needed to be discovered for creating a repetition of this nature. While it could be said that, for example, a yo-yo repeats in a linear by descending and ascending with a minimum amount of power maintaining it, it only works by principle of a rotating object. This seems intrinsic to our physical universe. Rotation dictates an order, a constant or sustainable repetition that is of great use in the proposed measurement of time.

It is for the above given reason that clocks have been notably round for a substantial part of history. However, the measurement of time has not always been conducted on the basis of a circular repetition even though units of time can be noted as repetitive phenomena. Certain primitive methods of temporal measurement were linear and had very little accuracy. This method is now sometimes used to more accurate effect in light of current understandings of the progression of the universe in the historian’s timeline, which will be dealt with under ‘Linear time’. Another method is accumulative time measurement, which depends upon a finite graduation of events or processes that can be observed as theoretical constants. Digital clocks in part depend upon this method, as will be studied in ‘Accumulative time’ below.

Linear time
Mentioned above is the timeline, which can detail in a linear fashion the events, actions and occurrences of a given period of time. However, despite its current usage, it remains a highly unstable method of temporal calculation as it depends much on the observer’s understanding and opinion of the length of time that has passed, is passing or will pass. This reflects the theory above that time can be to an extent an observer’s phenomenon, although this was disproved. In light of this, then, it appears that while time is not distorted by observance, the measurement or account of time can be distorted and a misrepresentation presented due to the fact that each individual perceives the passage of time differently.

The concept of linear time denies a rotation of events, actions and occurrences and the structure that it is in, most likely to be time. It purveys a concept of time that, while accepting a past, present and future, does not accept that these go on forever in an unending round. This theory necessarily mandates that adherents accept that time is a finite construct and started with a moment and will end on such. Proponents argue that the past is extending as time advances and the future diminishing, and the present merely a given instant that marks our place on the grand journey from Beginning to End.

Accumulative time
This theory depends largely upon the idea that deterioration or accumulation occur at predominantly constant rates, which is in some cases true and in others, not. Reference should be made to the Roman candle clock, which bears no relation to the pyrotechnic device named the Roman Candle, which discharges flaming coloured balls. The candle clock involved the burning of a candle, which, assuming the candle possesses constant properties throughout, should be consumed by an applied flame at a constant rate. Marks were made along the side of the candle, and as each mark was reached, a unit of time had passed. However, this was rather primitive and could not be continued effectively without a loss of accuracy. Another method of accumulative temporal determination would perhaps consist of further observation of the growth of a living creature, the deterioration of molecules or the effects of a natural phenomenon on a physical object.

Accumulative time implies that each event is not subsequent to the last, but built upon it. There is no passage of time, no repetition of units and certainly no past or future. We are, it is proposed, living in a world where there is only one timeframe, the present. This is a constantly changing timeframe, with each event, action or occurrence adapting what is remembered as the previous state. If things are adapted rather than moved on from, then it is easy to see that the present could not exist and much less be visited save in our memories for the simple reason that it is in no way physical, merely a concept of theory and of the mind. The same applies to the future, as the events which will form the world we may one day know have not occurred. Time travel is, sadly, from this perspective entirely ludicrous in concept and is never considered seriously by advocates of this viewpoint.

Effects of time
‘Time has a way of changing things’ was never more true than when used in the discussion of what effect time has on the physical universe. As time progresses, it is seen that changes occur, and most notably deteriorations of the physical materials that are seen in the world. If an apple is left on a table, it will begin to degrade biologically. If the appled table is left for more substantial periods of time, it too will degrade. The molecular bonds that constitute the structural integrity of the table will become ineffective due to the effects of time and what the presence of time allows external forces to do. The longer something is in a set existence, the less it will resemble what it began existence as.

Over time, humans grow old, celestial bodies slow down and bonds are relinquished atomically. This highlights a progression through whatever we may choose to understand, sometimes known as time. Despite many people’s disbelief in the accumulative time theories, one cannot escape the fact that things change with time. Either this, or material is somehow altered by some other means than simple progression from one moment to the next, as the actual previous material is left in the past and the present left to consist of new material that bears full resemblance to the former. If it is the case that things change with time, one must recognise that not only is the universe far removed from what it was upon the advent of its existence in the form that we understand, but that it will be far removed from whatever it shall become in the distant future, should there be a distant future and whether or not it is currently physical or merely theoretical.

Absence of time
The theory is proposed that time does not exist. It is suggested that time is merely the facilitation for our closed minds of the comprehension of what otherwise might seem a vastly out-of-reach concept in respect of its complexity. It is, however, not as complex as would perhaps be thought at first. Proponents of accumulative time also would predominantly be of this view, stating that time can only exist if there is a frame within which is can sit. This would indubitably be those three frames of past, present and future, yet it can be argued that the past and the future are absurd, and the present intangible by virtue of its being by very nature an immeasurable instant between the last moment and the next.

Beyond Time (Manipulation and the Speed of Light)
If time does not exist, or if it is entirely accumulative, then the concept of going beyond time is a waste of resources to discuss or investigate. However, if time is framed, or if time is circular, linear or otherwise possessing of a physical past and future, then time travel can be effectively investigated with a view to the practicalities thereof. Time travel is primarily concerned with the accessing of the past or future from the present, a shift in the observer’s vantage point.

Time travel can be conducted in one of two theoretical ways: distortionally or transtemporally. The former assumes that time is a physical concept itself and bound by many of the laws that govern the rest of the universe. Distortional time travel would involve an attempt to manipulate time in such a way that a portion of the past could be brought into the future and the observer would the progress from the present, forward into the past. The catch-phrase, ‘back to the future’ is entirely absurd, as the time traveller will only be able to travel forwards; if the past is sought, substantial distortion must occur. If the future is sought, less distortion is necessary for the far future to be brought into the immediate future for the traveller. Needless to say, this form of time travel has pitfalls and must only be conducted within safe boundaries, bearing in mind that if the changes to the timeframes were to be universal, the entirety of existence would be thrust into the future, missing out the progressive stages that led to such a future. As a result, nothing would happen because the future would have been prevented from fully occurring by virtue of the past and present not forming it.

Transtemporal time travel necessitates going beyond the reaches of the currently followed rules of time. Many theorists believe that the answer lies in speed. The study of lightspeed and the resulting effects of crossing this barrier have led to many believing that substantial transgression of this could lead to a crossing of the timeline. The basis for this theory lies in the observation that when an object moves, theoretically, at the speed of light, it instantaneously appears in its destination. The proposal is, then, that if the speed of light is transcended, the object will appear in its destination before it has left its origin. To take this theory to its logical conclusion, the faster one goes, the further back in time one will already have appeared. However, this theory is often dismissed by theorists who claim that the observance of lightwaves does not equate to the actual existence of matter. They argue that while one may be seen to appear in the past, one will not actually be there until the point in time at which the journey is begun, but that the journey will be made in no time at all, effectively, or in an exceptionally small unit thereof. The matter is still in debate.

Attention must be brought to the alleged extratemporal ranges of the universe. That is to say, those parts of the probably metaphysical universe that are neither affected nor bound by the rules of time as they are currently comprehended. By referring to a range beyond physical nature, it must be noted that reference is not made to a spiritual universe, but a more simple metaphysical one. In this extratemporal range, it would be possible to move outside the constraints of time, with one perhaps re-entering the physical universe at another point in time and thus effecting time travel. The question facing scientists and theorists alike is now of how these ranges can be accessed and indeed where they may be sought. It is believed that as they are unrelated to the physical universe, they may be found anywhere, with the key to access lying in a special knowledge. This as yet is unknown.

Conclusion
In summary, then, it has been noted that there remain significantly differing opinions on the existence of time and its feasibility as regards manipulation and measurement. While time will continue to be regarded as something measurable by which mankind may order the progress of itself in the universe, strong arguments are put to suggest that time as we know it is entirely a fallacy. Time is not a necessity, but the measurement of it seems to be so. In this eternal paradox lies the true question to which no one may ever know the answer, the question of the existence of concepts that facilitate what is remembered but unreached.

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Nathan Glover
(5110)

Theoretical Principles of Time – Reflection
It has come to light that a topic dealt with in my essay, Theoretical Principles of Time, during the discussion of transtemporal time travel the issue of lightspeed was discussed. In the course of this, reference was made to the concept that the faster beyond lightspeed one travels, the further back in time one will already have appeared. However, the view of prospective time travel using this theory was dismissed by the author due to a failure of viewing the bigger picture and seeing the issue from the wrong perspective altogether. In light of this, an amendment must be made.

The amendment is such, that while it remains true that, holding to the theories of lightspeed timetravel, speed above light is directly proportional to reverse time travel, there is no valid logical reason to deny the fact that speeds below lightspeed also will result in time travel of one nature or another. The principle is this, that travelling faster than light causes one to appear back in time and that travelling slower than light causes one to appear forward in time. This is the case with our entire existence; the slower we go, the longer it takes to us to appear in the new position. This is often not regarded as time travel because it is so commonplace, although it is fundamental in manipulating the passage through time.

It can be said, then, that slow movement causes one to appear in the future (from an objective omnispective viewpoint). However, the discovery of this fact is not related to the higher requirements of the observation that the appearance of lightwaves does not equate to actual existence or presence. The section above makes no alterations to the necessity in the mind of the author of the prevalence of the theories of travelling faster than not only the speed of light but the speed of mass for the effective study and practical testing of time travel.

Nathan Glover
(323)

Theoretical Principles of Time – Amendment
Bearing in mind the concept of travelling forward in time by means of moving slowly, it becomes apparent that there is a number of inherent dangers to this form of time travel, and perhaps more so than those discussed in relation to distortional time travel. While disrupting the flow of time to effect travel is hazardous, it may be seen below that to travel through time by use of speed can be equally so, if only to the person travelling.

If one takes a broad perspective, it is highlighted instantly that travelling far into the future will result in the disintegration of the traveller. To explain this, reference must be made to those who travel at a standard speed through their lives. Propelling themselves into the future by moving slower than the theoretical speed of mass, their bodies degrade and age extensively, even to the point of death. To push this to the limit, and travel almost at a speed of zero (propelling one's self at the greatest rate into the future), one's body will age more rapidly.

It stands then that one may only travel within the frame of one's life. One may never exceed the alotted three score years and ten (roughly speaking) or extend their life in any way beyond the year in which their body would naturally die. While one may avoid incidents that could have curtailed life, this fact remains. On the opposite side of the lightspeed timetravel coin, reverse time travel is to be discussed.

If forward time travel disintigrates, reverse time travel integrates. It follows that our molecular structure would become more dense. This theory (molecular density) was highlighted in the documentaries of the last century entitled "Superman I, II and III". These foundational collections of research into molecular density suggest strongly that supernatural abilities may be gained with reverse time travel.

Nathan Glover
(309)

Conclusions
As previously discussed, many theorists have looked to the speed of light and the transgression thereof to find possibilities in the field of transtemporal time travel. It is of course accepted that light is merely appearance, and to appear in the past by means of moving faster than light does not equate to actually being there. This considered, lightspeed is still alleged to be intrinsic to the nature of time travel. The reason for this is elementary: light is a wave – waves are observed in the motion of mass. If light by its very existence manipulates mass, then it could be reasonably assumed that it can have a distinct and functional effect with regard to time travel. Sadly, this is not the case, and the actual speed the must theoretically be transgressed in order to facilitate transtemporal time travel is that of mass.

The Speed of Mass
The speed of light is approximately 186,000 miles per second. The speed of mass, however, is not able to be measured in terms of distance, as it does not have an inherent physical speed; this speed is applied to it. Yet it must still be measured in a unit of existence. So far two units of existence have been discovered; those which apply best to the universe we perceive – space (distance) and time. The author proposes that the theoretical speed of mass is 1s/s – one second per second. This would produce a mass constant for the universe.

A chain of logic emerges next, which at first seemed to deny the above theory. Yet with development, it served to compound the concept that mass speed is the foundation of transtemporal time travel. It is as follows:

1) Mass is measured in time.

2) Light is measured in space.

3) Mass is the fabric of space.

4) Light is the fabric of X  (unknown).

At this point the question needs to be asked why the speed of mass is still more important than the speed of light when discussing transtemporal time travel. The answer simply is that time is merely perceived in light, yet manipulated in mass. Light is a means of perception. Reality may not be altered merely by perception; a physical change must occur. If this is the case, as it surely is, then mass must be manipulated somehow to produce the desired effect.

A Challenging Thought
If light is measured in space/time, and mass in time/time, then it might be argued that there are two additional elements missing from the list: those measured in time/speed and speed/speed. These as yet elude such surface theorists as the author but in time may be discovered through careful study.

Conclusion
Transtemporal time travel in the form of lightspeed (or mass speed) time travel is impossible; light can travel no faster than the speed of light (hence the name) and likewise mass cannot exceed its own speed. The very notion of a speed described in the terms of a constant such as x s/s precludes adaptation, transgression, acceleration or deceleration.

Study of the theoretical speed of mass highlights what has been argued by the author from the outset: time does not exist. The way it demonstrates this is in providing yet another dead end, another impossibility. Each pathway of research leads to impossible conclusions and frustration of purpose. The primary cause of this is that the very object of study is an unattainable non-existent impossibility. There is no physical place to travel to, by any means, that could be known as the past. Likewise the future. In the theory above, time travel occurs through physical manipulation; even lightspeed time travel theorists would attempt to effect time travel through manipulation of mass. Yet if there is no destination, however sound the theoretical journey… the goal will never be reached.

Nathan Glover
(629)
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